Straight through, two way, or three way ball valves

schematic 3 way ball valve - L-shaped ball right, T-shaped left
Three-way ball valves have an L- or T-shaped hole through the middle. The different combinations of flow are shown in the picture.
Multi port ball valves with 4 or more ways are also commercially available, the inlet way often being orthogonal to the plane of the outlets. For special applications, such as driving air powered motors from forward to reverse by rotating a single lever operated 4 way ball valve. This valve has two L-shaped ports in the ball that do not interconnect, sometimes referred to as an "x" port.
Ball Valves in sizes up to 2 inch generally come in single piece, two or three piece designs. One piece ball valves are almost always reduced bore, are relatively inexpensive and generally are throw-away. Two piece ball valves are generally slightly reduced (or standard) bore, they can be either throw-away or repairable. The 3 piece design allows for the center part of the valve containing the ball, stem & seats to be easily removed from the pipeline. This facilitates efficient cleaning of deposited sediments, replacement of seats and gland packings, polishing out of small scratches on the ball, all this without removing the pipes from the valve body. The design concept of a three piece valve is for it to be repairable.

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